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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



OUTLINES OF 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



DESIGNED AS A TEXT-BOOK FOR 



SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, 



AND AS A REFERENCE-BOOK FOR 



FARMERS AND GARDENERS. 

By NOBLE M. EBERHART, B. S., Ph. D. 



Author of "A Key to the Families of Insects;" ^Entomological 

Dictionary /" " Comparative Entomology ;" 
, r> Etc.. Etc. 

I ^ • 

, / o 






>-' 



FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS MADE EXPRESSLY 

FOR THIS WORK. 



Chicago, III. : 
A. FLANAGAN, Publisher, 

1888. 



FEB 7 1889 






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^ 



COPYJIIGHT, l888, BY NOBLB M. EbERHAKT. 




PREFACE. 



So great is the annual loss from the ravages of injurious insects 
that it seems as though the methods of prevention should be taught 
in every school. 

The aim of the author has been to prepare a concise and 
practical treatise that may be used in schools where time is 
limited, and that can be published at a price within the reach 
of all. 

N. M. E. 



Chicago Lawn, III., 

December 1, 1888. 



CONTENTS. 



PASS. 



OHAPCTB. 

I. General Characteristics of Insects, • 5 

II. Injurious Hymenoptera, ..... g 

III. Injurious Lepidoptera, - 12 

IV. Injurious Diptera, 37 

V. Injurious Coleoptera, - 42 

VI. Injurious Hemiptera, - . - - - - 55 

VII. Injurious Orthoptera, - 72 

VIII. Kerosene Emulsions, --_... 75 

IX. How to Collect and Mount Insects, - 77 

X. A List op the Insects Arranged According to 

the Plants They Infest, 82 

XI. *\ Key to the Orders of Insects, ... 84 



OHAPTEE I. 

General Characteristics of Insects. 

General Features. The branch of the Animal King- 
dom called Arthropoda embraces those animals whose 
bodies are built upon the plan of rings or segments, which 
fit together by joints made by the folding in and softening 
of the outer covering, and giving great flexibility to the 
body. 

Chitine. This outer covering or crust is called chitine, 
and is the frame -work or skeleton of the insect, answering 
the same purpose as the bones of the higher animals. 

Divisions of the Body. On examining the body of an 
ant or a wasp, it is at once noticed that the body is divided 
by a narrowing in of the outlines into three general divi- 
sions, — the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. 

The Head. In the head are the eyes, and the mastica- 
tory organs. It also bears the antennse or ''feelers," — slen- 
der, hollow and jointed appendages, which are the organs of 
touch, and, some claim, of hearing also. 

The Thorax. The thorax is the seat of the organs of 
locomotion. To it are attached the wings and legs. 

The Abdomen. The abdomen contains the digestive 
and genital organs. As this work is not intended to set forth 
in detail the physiology of insects, we will only give a brief 
outline of their internal system. 

The Muscular System. This lies just beneath the 
chitinous covering or skin of the insect, and according to 
Newport, it consists of "numerous distinct, isolated, straight 



EBERHAUTS OUTLINES OF 



fibres, which are not gathered into bundles united by com- 
mon tendons, or covered by aponeuroses (tendinous sheaths), 
to form distinct muscles, as in the Vertebrata, but remain 
separate from each other and only in some instances are 
united at one extremity by tendons."* 

The Nervous System. This consists primarily of two 
longitudinal cords, with a knot of ganglion (nerve centre) 
for each segment. The position of this is ventral. 

The Organs of Nutrition. These are made up of an 
alimentary canal with its appendages, and are found in vari- 
ous stages of development in different insects, the simplest 
form being a straight tube. 

Circulation. The heart of the insect is a dorsal pul- 
sating tube, terminating in a large artery in the head. The 
blood of the insect is seldom red, — generally it is color- 
less, — but sometimes of a yellow tinge. 

Respiration. The insect breathes through little tubes 
or pores called tracheae, the terminal openings being called 
spiracles, of which a row runs along each side of the body, 
there being normally eleven on each side. 

Aquatic insects respire " water mechanically mixed with 
air," by means of gill-like flattened expansions of the body- 
wall, called branchiae. Their inner tubes are generally 
termed bronchial tracheae. 

The Secretive Organs. Says Packard: "The urinary 
vessels, or what is equivalent to the kidneys of the higher 
animals, consist in insects of several long tubes, which 
empty by one or two secretory ducts into the posterior or 



*Note. The muscular power of insects is almost incredible. A flea will 
jump 200 times its own height. Newport mentions an instance where Geotrupes 
Stercorarius sustained and escaped from under a pressure of 20 or 30 ounces, 
the insect itself only weighing about that many grains. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



' pyloric ' extremity of the stomach. There are also odor- 
iferous glands analogous to the cutaneous glands of verte- 
brates. The liquid poured out is usually offensive and is 
used as a means of defense." 

Transformations of Insects. We will not follow the 
development of the embryo, as it is virtually a science in 
itself, and in this limited work but a general idea can be 
given. The embryo larva, when it has reached that period 
that it desires to break from the egg, bursts the shell 
(which has become somewhat thin at this period), and on 
emerging begins to feed voraciously. The larva grows 
rapidly and generally moults, or changes its skin for a num- 
ber of times. A few days before the assumption 'of the 
pupa, or intermediate stage between the worm and the per- 
fect insect, the larva ceases to eat, becomes restless, and 
either spins a silken cocoon or makes one of earth or chips. 

During the semi-pupa state, the skin of the chrysalis 
grows beneath the nominal covering of the larva. After 
entering its cocoon it remains in the pupa state a length 
of time varying with the insect and climate, during which 
the imago or perfect insect is formed, which finally emerges. 
The female, after impregnation, immediately provides for 
the propagation of the species by depositing her eggs in a 
suitable locality. 



EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



CHAPTER II 

Injurious Hymenoptera. 

The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words, 
hymen, membrane; and pteron, wing, (plural, ptera). It 
includes bees, wasps, saw-flies, ants, etc. 

They are possessed of greater intelligence, and their 
transformations are more complete than those of any other 
order. The larvae are footless grubs, except in the case of 
saw-flies, whose young have abdominal legs. The reason- 
ing powers of Hymenoptera have been so highly eulogized 
as to be said to differ from those of man only in degree. 

THE PEAR-TREE SLUG. 

{Selandria cerasi. Peck. ; 

The Pear-Slug hibernates as a pupa, the imagos or per- 
fect insects emerging in May and June. The adult is a 
bright black fly. If the tree is shaken, the insects usually 



Fig. 1. Pear-tree Smg. 

fall to the ground and feign death. The saw-flies (to which 
family the Pear- Slug belongs), are thus named because of 
the saw-like appendage at the end of the abdomen in most 
females. With this the leaves of trees are slit, and in these 
crevices the eggs deposited. Says Saunders: M The female 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



begins to deposit her eggs early in June; they are placed 
singly within little semicircular incisions through the skin 
of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes on 
the upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch. The 
newly hatched slug is at first white, but soon a slimy matter 
oozes out of the skin and covers the upper part of the body 
with an olive-colored sticky coating." A second brood of 
eggs is deposited late in July. Maturing in about a month 
they go into the ground and assume the pupa state, in 
which form they remain during the winter. 

Remedies. An ichneumon fly deposits its eggs in those 
of the Pear- Slug, the grub living in the egg and destroying 
it. A wash, composed of an ounce of powdered hellebore 
to each two gallons of water, sprayed on the leaves of the 
tree is sufficient. 

THE IMPORTED CURRANT WORM. 

(Nematus ventricosus. Klug.) » 

This is the larva of another saw-fly. The insect gen- 
erally hibernates as a pupa, — rarely as a grub. The adult 
insects appear in the beginning of spriDg. The female is 



Eig. 2. Fig. 3. 

Imported Currant Worm and Moth (female). 

larger than the male, and of a yellow color. The male is 
spotted with dull yellow. The eggs are placed on the un- 



10 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



der side of the leaves and on the principal veins. They 
hatch in from ten to twelve days. The larvae eat little 
holes in the leaf until nothing but the frame work or skele- 
ton is left. When ready to pupate they form their cocoons 
under rubbish; sometimes in the ground, occasionally on 
the stems or leaves of the currant bushes. The flies 
emerge during the latter part of June or the first of July. 
These lay eggs, which soon hatch, and the larvae generally 
change into the pupa state, in which they pass the winter. 
Remedies. Parasites prey on the egg and on the 
larvae, notably one found by Prof. Lintner, State Entomol- 
ogist of New York, which attacks the egg. Dr. Packard 
recommends powdered white hellebore sprinkled over the 
bushes by means of a muslin bag tied to a stick. Dr Wor- 
cester has met with equal success in the use of carbolate of 
lime, which was sprinkled over the bushes as soon as the 
worm made its appearance. Hand picking is very good. 

THE NATIVE CURRANT SAW-FLY. 

(Pristiphora grossularice. Walsh.) 

We quote from Packard: This saw-fly is a widely dif- 




Eig. 4. Native Currant Saw-fly. 

fused species in the Northern and Western States, and in- 
jures the currant and gooseberry. The female fly is a 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. u 



shining black, while the head is dull yellow and the legs 
are honey-yellow. * * * * Mr. Walsh states that the 
larva is a pale grass-green worm, half an ineh long,-with a 
black head, which becomes green after the last moult, but 
with a lateral brown stripe meeting with the opposite one 
on the top of the head, where it is more or less confluent, 
and a central brown black spot on its face. It appears the 
last of June and early in July, and a second brood in 
August. They spin their cocoons on the bushes on which 
they feed, and the fly appears in two or three weeks, the 
specimens reared by him flying on the 26th of August. 
This worm may at once be distinguished from the imported 
currant worm by the absence of the minute black warts 
that cover the body of the latter. The same remedies 
should be used for this worm as are recommended for the 
preceding insect. 



12 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



CHAPTER III 

Injurious Lepidoptera. 

The order Lepidoptera (lepis, a scale), comprises the 
butterflies and moths. They are distinguished from other 
insects in having their wings covered with minute feathers 
or scales. 

The larvae are seldom footless. 

The transformations of Lepidoptera are complete. 

Moths are distinguished from butterflies, in that the 
antennae of the former are pointed at their tip, (occasion- 
ally, though, they have small side branches), while the an- 
tennae of butterflies are knobbed or thickened at their ends. 

CUT WORMS. 

The numerous larvae passing under this name, belong to 
the family, Noctuidce, and most of them to the genera 
Agrotis and Hadena. They are nocturnal in their habits, 




Fig 5. Cut Worm. 

feeding on the roots and tips of herbs. They hibernate, as 
half-grown larvae, in oval cavities in the ground. As soon 
in spring as the frost leaves the ground, they ascend to, or 
near the surface, and pursue their usual method of feeding; 
many living entirely on roots, and never coming to the sur- 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 13 



face; while others travel around during the night, doing 
great injury by cutting off young herbs near the roots. 

When full grown they descend further into the ground 
than before, where they pupate, emerging in three or four 
weeks, in the winged state. The eggs are generally depos- 
ited on low plants, and when the young larvae hatch, they 
go down into the ground and feed upon roots. 

Remedies. The Cut-worms have many natural ene- 
mies such as the robin, the black-bird, the cat-bird, domes- 
tic fowls, some species of ground beetles, (Carabidce) ; the 
toad, etc. 

Numerous parasites also infest them. Among the arti- 
ficial remedies, making holes in the ground in the evening 
with a pointed stick, and going around in the morning and 
thrusting the stick again into the holes, will destroy any 
Cut- worms that may have fallen into the holes during the 
night. 

Many will seek shelter at the approach of dawn under 
leaves and rubbish lying on the ground, these may be found 
and killed. 

Late plowing is good. 

The Cut-worms have a great fondness for clover, and 
little bunches of it, poisoned with arsenic, and placed in 
the field at night will kill many. 

THE CORN WORM. 

(Heliothis armigera. Hiibner.) 

This insect is very injurious to the cotton in the South, 
and there it is called the Boll- worm, because it feeds on the 
cotton boll. It hibernates as a pupa, a few inches below 
the surface, in an oval cell lined with silk. In the latitude 
of Illinois it is two or three brooded, the number increasing 



14 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



with the distance south. The hibernating pupae become 
imagos about the time the first shoots of corn appear. 
They deposit their eggs (which number from fifty to one 





Fig. 6. Fig. 7. 

Corn Worm and Moth. 

hundred) separately, one on each blade of corn. After 
hatching, the larvae eat into the stalk. They get their 
growth about the time the corn tassels. This brood does so 
little damage that it generally passes unnoticed. 

The eggs of the second brood are laid in the tip of the 
ear. The larvae feed on the silk, which appears about the 
time they hatch. 

The best remedy is fall plowing, which exposes the 
pupae to the weather. 

THE ARMY WORM. 

(Heliophila (Leucania) unipuncta.) 

This is a smooth caterpillar, seldom found later than 
June or July. It hibernates generally as a larva; occa- 
sionally as an imago; rarely as a pupa. 

The hibernating larvae pupate early, about an inch be- 
low the surface, and the imagos emerge in March. There 
are about three yearly broods in the latitude of central 
Illinois. 

The female soon after emerging lays her eggs in grass 
between the stalk and its surrounding sheath or between 



uuONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



15 



the terminal blades while they are yet doubled. Will lay 
in almost any situation; often in grain, corn-stalks, or hay- 
stacks. 





Fig. 8. 



Fig. 9. 



Army Worm and Moth. 

The larvse do not travel in armies unless very numerous, 
and so often pass unnoticed. 

The first brood live as cut-worms, finally going into the 
ground and undergoing the various stages, the moths ap- 
pear about the last of June. In five to eight days, these 
lay. 

The third brood emerges in the latter part of August. 

In Illinois the second brood does the greatest injury. 

They are always more numerous the year following a 
dry year, but are never destructive and numerous in the 
same locality for two succeeding years, because of disease 
and parasites. 

Remedies. The tachina fly, the ichneumon fly, the 
predaceous beetles, and the bobolink destroy many. Fair 
results in a wheat field, infested by Army Worms, have been 
obtained by dragging a long rope over the top of the 
sbalks, jarring the worms to the ground. This repeated 
twice a day in small fields and where the worms are not too 
thick would prove advantageous, but in larger fields it is a 
question whether the results would equal the time and 
labor expended. 



16 EBERHAUrS OUTLINES OF 

A very good method is the plowing of a furrow around 
the fields. 

The worms will collect in this ditch and a log dragged 
along it with a rope will crush large numbers of them. 
Poisoning plants around the edges of a field with a mix- 
ture of Paris green and water is useful where the worms 
are not too numerous. 

THE FALL ARMY WORM 

{Laphygma frugiperda.) 

is covered with stiff erect hairs and appears only in the fall, 
therefore it maybe easily distinguished from the foregoing. 

THE PEACH-TREE BORER. 

(Sannina (JEgeria) exitiosa.) 

Hibernating in the pupa state, the moth appears in May 
and June. The eggs which are of a beautiful yellow-brown 
color are deposited singly on the trunks of the peach and 
cherry, near the roots, and held in position by a gummy 
secretion. They are about one fiftieth of an inch long, and 
a little more than half as wide. 




Fig. 10. Peach-tree Borer (female). 

The larva as soon as it hatches seeks a crevice and 
works down under the bark toward the roots. 

It is, according to Saunders, "a naked soft cylindrical 
grub, of a pale whitish yellow color, with a reddish, horny 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 17 

looking head, and black jaws." The presence of the larva 
is readily detected by the exudation of gum. 

Remedies. The larvae may be sought for and killed, 
directly. Hot water is recommended by many. In using 
it, the dirt should be scraped away from the roots, and the 
water poured on hot enough that it will not cool before 
reaching the grubs. 

A wash of carbolic acid and soap suds is also useful. 

By far the best method, however, is to mound up the 
ground about the trees to the height of a foot or so, which 
will prevent the female from laying her eggs. 

THE STALK-BORER. 

{Qortyna nitela. Guenee.) 

This larva may be easily distinguished because the stripes 
which on most cut-worms run the whole length of the body, 
are on the Stalk-Borer interrupted for four segments. 





Fig. 11. Fig. 12. 

Stalk-Borer and Moth. 

It hibernates as a moth, which comes forth early in 
spring and lays its eggs on blue grass and young grain. 
The young larvae often do great injury by eating off the 
terminal blades of young oats. 

Pupating in the ground in August, the imagos emerge 
by the latter part of August or the first of September. 



18 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 

The best remedy is keeping down such weeds and grass 
as the eggs are liable to be deposited on. 
The larvae are preyed upon by a parasite. 

THE CANKER WORM. 

(Anisopteryx vernata.) 

The Spring Canker Worm hibernates as a pupa, a short 
distance below the surface of the earth. 

Some emerge from October on, if the winter is a mild 
one The remainder generally do so about the middle of 





Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 

Male and Female Canker Worm Moths. 

March, the females appearing first. These females are 
wingless. They crawl up the tree and deposit their eggs in 
irregular masses of fifty to one hundred between branches, 
under scales of bark, or in any other sheltered situation. 

These eggs are of a broad oval form. They hatch in a 
few days, about the time the apple trees are leafing out, and 
immediately attack the leaves, puncturing them with small 
holes. They soon strip the trees of most of their leaves, 
and will kill them in two or three seasons. 

The color of the larva is a dark olive-green or brown, 
much resembling the general color of the tree. They fasten 
themselves by their two pairs of posterior or pro -legs to a 
twig, and hold the body away from the tree so that they re- 
semble a short spine or branch. This is a protective device. 

When alarmed they drop by a slender silken thread a 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 19 



few inches, so that they are out of the reach of their ene- 
mies. They mature in two or three weeks, when they 
descend and pupate. 

There is but a single brood. They sometimes attack 
plum, cherry and elm trees. 

The best and most effective remedy is to spray the larvae 
with arsenical poison. 

THE STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER. 

(Phoxopteris comptana.) 

This insect generally hibernates in the pupa state, rolled 
up in the strawberry leaf ; but sometimes as an imago. 

Those that have wintered as pupae emerge in April and 
May, and deposit their eggs in May and June; the larvae 




Fig. 15. Moth of Strawberry Leaf Roller. 

getting their growth in July. The second brood matures 
late in September. 

The only effectual remedy is to mow the strawberry field 
close, after the fruit has been picked, and after letting the 
grass, etc., become dry, burn it. 

FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR. 

{Clisiocampa sylvatica, Harris.) 

The Forest Tent Caterpillar hibernates in the egg state, 
the larvae often emerging before the leaves on the tree are 
out; but are able to fast from a week to ten days, and so 



20 



EBEUHAliT'ti OUTLINES OF 



suffer no injury from their early appearance. There is but 
a single yearly brood. When there are large numbers of 
larvae they swarm and defoliate acres of shrubbery. They 




Fig. 16. 





Fig. 17. Fig. 18. 

Forest Tent Caterpillar, Moth and Egg-mass. 

attain their growth in June, pupate, emerge the same year, 
and lay their eggs in vertical belts around the twigs. These 
belts are covered with a mucous which is sometimes so 
thick that the eggs cannot be seen. 

COMMON TENT CATERPILLAR 

(C, Americana,) 

of our orchards does not essentially differ in its habits. Its 
egg masses may be distinguished from the fact that they 




Fig. 19. Fig. 20. 

Moth and Egg-mass of the Common Tent Caterpillar. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 21 



taper at the ends, instead of ending abruptly and verti- 
cally. 

They are called Tent Caterpillars because they spin a 
web, living in a community under it and going out twice a 
day to feed. 

Remedies. The tents may be destroyed or the larvae 
killed as they crawl over the trunks of the trees. The twigs 
bearing the egg masses may be cut off and destroyed. The 
best method, however, is spraying the trees with arsenical 
poison, which will not only destroy the larvae but also many 
other injurious insects infesting the tree. 

THE TOMATO WORM. 

(Afacrosila quin quemaculata.) 

This insect is also frequently called the potato worm. 
The pupa (in which form it hibernates), is readily recog- 
nized by the case in which the tongue develops being bent 





Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 

Tomato Worm and Pupa. (About one-fourth natural size.) 

around so that it resembles the handle of a pitcher. The 
larva is a large green caterpillar with oblique whitish 
stripes on the sides and a horn on the anal extremity. The 
imago emerges in June and July. 

The larvae are so large that hand-picking is a good rem- 
edy. The moths may be caught with a net. 

THE CODLING MOTH. 

{Varpocapsa pomonella, Linn.). 

The Codling Moth is easily distinguished from other 
moths by a large egg-shaped spot, brown in color, edged 



22 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 

with copper, and situated on the hinder margin of each 

fore -wing. It generally hibernates as a pupa, emerging in 

the spring about the time the petals of the apple-blossoms fall. 

The female lays her eggs in the calyx or eve of the 



Fig. 23. Larva of Codling Moth. 

forming apple. These eggs hatch in about a week and the 
grub eats into the core. The larvae become full-grown in 
three or four weeks. About this time the prematurely 
ripened fruit falls to the ground. 

Sometimes the worm escapes before and sometimes not 
until after the fruit has fallen. Those leaving before crawl 
down the trunk, or lower themselves by a silken thread, 
which they have the power of spinning. 

The first and last segments of the body are at first black 
but become brown as the grub matures ; the other segments 
each have six or eight spots on them, from which arise little 
hairs. 

The larva pupates in a cocoon placed in a crevice of 
the bark or in some other sheltered place. There are two 
yearly broods. 

Remedies. Ichneumon flies destroy some. The fallen 
fruit should be gathered or the hogs allowed to devour it, 
thus destroying many larvse. The best method, however, 
is to put bands around the trunks of the trees. The larvse 
will pupate in these and may be gathered and destroyed. 
These bands should be examined every ten days or less 
from the last of May to the last of August. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



23 



CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES. 

In the list of injurious insects, Cabbage Butterflies 
occupy a prominent place, because their field of operation 
is so extensive, and the means of exterminating them, as 
yet, so imperfect. 

THE EUROPEAN CABBAGE BUTTER-FLY 

(Pieris rapce.) 

was first noticed in this country in the year 1857 by a Mr. 
Bowles of Quebec. Not long after, it spread into New 
England and New York, and a few years later it was plen- 
tiful all over the country. 

It passes the winter in the pupa state, the perfect insect 
emerging early in the spring. There are about five broods 




Fig. 24. 




Fig. 25. 
European Cabbage Butterflies (male and female). 



24 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 

during the year, in the latitude of Illinois. This number 
increases as we go farther south, and vice versa. 

The female insect is distinguished from the male in that 
it has two spots on its wings, while the male has only one. 

These eggs are usually laid on the upper side of a 
cabbage leaf, and are not collected in a mass in one place, 



Fig. 26. Larva of European Cabbage Butterfly. 

but are scattered over the surface of the leaf. When 
about to pupate, the larvae seek shelter under boards lying 
in the field, or under the copings of walls and fences. 

Remedies. By far the greater number of Cabbage 
Butterflies are destroyed by a parasite (Pteromalus pupa- 
rum), which lays its eggs on the pupa, and the little maggots 
hatching out eat their way into the body of the insect, an 
operation attended with much pain. They devour the fatty 
portions, thus preventing the pupa from transforming into 
the perfect state. 

By placing boards in the cabbage field, the pupae, which 
will soon be found on the under side of these, may be col- 
lected and placed in a box covered with a screen, to allow 
the parasites to hatch out and escape, while at the same 
time the cabbage insect cannot. 

Of late years another natural remedy is rivalling the 
parasite mentioned above, for its efficacy in disposing of 
the Cabbage Butterfly. 

This is a contagious disease which is prevalent among 
the larvae, and destroys them in a short time. Instances 
are known where a whole field has been entirely cleared of 
larvae in twenty- four hours. 



•ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 25 

The symptoms of the disease are that shortly after mid- 
summer the larva has an ashy appearance, and later becomes 
greenish milky. 

After death, which occurs in a few hours, the body dries 
or shrivels up and en being touched crumbles to pieces. 

Professor S. A. Forbes, the State Entomologist of Illi- 
nois, has been making a series of experiments, by trying to 
breed the bacteria of this disease in distilled water, and 
then to clear an infested field by communicating the bac- 
teria to some of the larvae. The success of the experiment 
has not yet become established, but it is hoped that it soon 
will be. 

The larvae may be destroyed by sprinkling them with a 
mixture of pyrethrum and water, which has the advantage 
of killing the worms, and at the same time it is perfectly 
harmless in its effects on the human race, so that no evil 
results come from sprinkling it on the cabbages. A child 
with a net can do a great deal of good by capturing the 
butterflies. 

THE SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY 

(Pieris protodice.) 

is a native of this country, and does not differ essentially in 
the habits from the European or imported species, but it is 
far less injurious. 




Fig. 27. Southern Cabbage Butterfly (female). (One-fourth natural size.) 



26 EBERHART8 OUTLINES OF 

Some gardeners have found sawdust impregnated with 
carbolic acid, an efficient remedy. 

The tachina fly is another parasite similar in its opera- 




Fig. 28. Southern Cabbage Butterfly (male). 

tions to the chalcid fly (Pteromalus puparum), mentioned 
above. 

THE CABBAGE PLUSIA. 

(Plusia brassicce. Riley.) 

"In the months of August and September," says Pro- 
fessor Riley, " the larvse may be found quite abundant on this 
plant (cabbage), gnawing large, irregular holes in the leaves. 
It is a pale green translucent worm, marked longitudinally 
with still paler, more opaque lines, and like all the 
known larvae of the family to which it belongs, it has but 
two pairs of abdominal pro-legs, the two anterior seg- 
ments, which are usually furnished with such legs in 
ordinary caterpillars, not having the slightest trace of any, 
consequently, they have to loop the body in marching, 
as represented in the figure, and are true "Span-worms." 
Their bodies are very soft and tender, and as they live 
exposed on the outside of the plants, and often rest motion- 
less, with the body arched, for hours at a time, they are 
espied and devoured by many of their enemies, such as 
birds, toads; etc. They are also subject to the attacks of at 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



27 



least two parasites, and die very often from disease, espe- 
cially in wet weather, so that they are never likely to increase 
quite as badly as the butterflies just now described. 





Fig. 29. 



Cabbage Plusia and Larva. 



Fig 30. 



" When full-grown, this worm weaves a very thin, loose 
white cocoon, sometimes between the leaves of the plant on 
which it fed, but more often in some more sheltered situation y 
and changes to a chrysalis, which varies from a pale yellow- 
ish green to brown, and has a considerable protuberance 
at the end of the wing and leg cases, caused by the 
long proboscis of the inclosed moth being bent back at that 
point. This chrysalis is soft, the skin being very thin, and 
it is furnished at the extremity with an obtuse roughened 
projection which emits two converging points, and several 
short curled bristles, by the aid of which it is enabled to 
cling to its cocoon. 

" The moth is of a dark smoky-gray, inclining to brown, 
variegated with light grayish -brown, and marked in the 
middle of each front wing with a small oval spot and a 
somewhat U-shaped silvery white mark, as in the figure. 
The male is easily distinguished from the female by a large 
tuft of golden hairs, covering a few black ones, which 
springs from each side of his abdomen towards the tip. 

"The suggestions given for destroying the larvae of the 
cabbage butterflies, apply equally well to those of the Cab- 



26 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



bage Plusia, and drenching with a cresylic wash will be 
found even more effectual, as the worms drop to the ground 
with the slightest jar." 

THE MELON WORM. 

{Phacellura hyalinatilis. Linn.) 

This insect hibernates as a pupa rolled up in the leaves 
of some plant or tree- Says Willet: " The Melon Worms 
are of a light, yellowish-green color, nearly translucent, have 
a few scattered hairs, and when mature, are about an inch 
and a quarter in length. They ' web up ' in the leaves of 
the melon, or of any plant growing near, which has flexible 
leaves, forming a slender brown chrysalis, three-quarters of 
an inch in length. Hundreds of these pupse were found 





Fig. 31. Fig. 32. 

Melon Worm and Moth. 

rolled up in the leaves of the tomato and sweet potato. In 
passing through one of the patches referred to, numbers of 
small, beautiful moths rose from the grass and weeds. 
Their wings when extended measured an inch across, and 
were of an iridescent pearly whiteness, except a narrow 
black border. Their legs and bodies presented the same 
'glistening whiteness, and the abdomen terminated in a 
curious movable tuft of white appendages, like feathers, of 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 29 



a pretty buff color, tipped with white and black. These 
moths proved to be the mature Melon Worms which had 
emerged from the chryealids referred to." 

Remedies. Plant early, and pick off the first brood of 
worms by hand. An ichneumon- fly (Pimpla conquisitor) 
and a species of tachina-fly are two parasites which prey 
upon the Melon Worm. 

THE PALMER WORM. 

(Ypsolophvs pometellus. Harris.) 

During the beginning of summer or the latter part of 
spring, greenish ochre-colored larvae may be noticed feed- 
ing on the leaves of the apple and cherry trees. 

The following account of this insect, which is commonly 




Fig 33. Moth of the Palmer Worm. 

called the Palmer Worm, is taken from Saunder's Insects 
Injurious to Fruits: 

" It lives in societies, making its home in a mass of half- 
eaten and browned leaves, drawn together by silken threads, 
from which it drops when the tree or branch is jarred, sus- 
pended in the air by a thread of silk. The larva is of a 
pale yellowish-green color, with a dusky or a blackish stripe 
along each side, edged above by a narrow whitish stripe; 
there is also a dusky line along the middle of the back. Its 
head is shining yellow, and the top of the next segment is 
of the same color; on each ring there are several small black 



30 EBEHHARTS OUTLINES OF 

dots, from each of which arises a line yellow hair. While 
youDg the caterpillars eat only the green pulpy tissue of the 
leaves, leaving the net- work of veins entire; later on they 
consume the whole of the leaf except its coarser veins. 
They also frequently gnaw holes or irregular cavities in the 
young apples. These larvae feed on the leaves of the cherry 
as well as those of the apple. 

" When full grown they are about half an inch long. 
They then change to chrysalids within the mass of eaten 
leaves occupied by the larvae, and ordinarily spin a slight 
cocoon in a fold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant 
the foliage is so entirely consumed that they have to look 
for shelter elsewhere. Their chrysalids are then often 
found under dry leaves on the surface of the ground, in 
crevices in the bark of the tree, and in other suitable hiding- 
places. The chrysalis is about a quarter of an inch long; at 
first it is of a tawny yellow color, which gradually changes 
to a darker hue. In ten or twelve days the perfect insect is 
produced. 

" The moth is of an ash-gray color. The fore wings 
are sprinkled with black atoms, and have four black dots 
near the middle, and six or seven smaller ones along the 
hinder margin. The hind wings are dusky above and 
beneath, with a glossy azure-blue reflection, blackish veins, 
and long, dusky fringes. The antennae are alternately 
striped with black and white. Sometimes the fore wing3 
are of a tawny yellow, in other specimens they are tinged 
with purplish red, and in some the dots are faint or en- 
tirely wanting. They rest with their long, narrow wings 
folded together and laid flat upon their backs." 

Remedies. " Showering the trees with whale-oil soap 
and water has been recommended, but the use of Paris 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 31 

green and water would prove more effectual; the water 
would dislodge many of the larvae, and the remainder 
would be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves." 

THE AMERICAN SILK WORM. 

( Telea polyphemus. Linn.) 

Also commonly Lnown in the adult state as the Poly- 
phemus Moth. 

• The f nil-grown caterpillar is a very large worm often 
approximating four inches in length. It feeds on the 
leaves of the plum tree, and has been reared somewhat ex- 
tensively for its silk. 

Remedies. Many natural enemies prey upon it while 
in the larva state. It is never very injurious, its economic 
interest lying principally in the fact of its being raised for 
silk, but if it should prove destructive to the plum trees in 
any locality it may be readily gotten rid of by hand picking. 

THE GREEN GRAPE VINE SPHINX. 

{Darapsa myron. Cramer.) 

We quote from Saunders, having had no opportunity of 
personally observing the habits of this insect: "The larva 
is one of the most common and destructive of the leaf eat- 
ing insects injurious to the grape. The first brood of the 
perfect or winged insects appears from the middle to the 
end of May, when the female deposits her eggs on the 
under side of the leaves, generally placing them singly, but 
sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs are nearly 
round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little less in 
width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish-green color, chang- 
ing to reddish before hatching. The young caterpillar 



32 EBERUART8 OUTLINES OF 



comes out of the egg in five or six days, when it makes its 
first meal on a part of the empty egg shell, and then at- 
tacks the softer portions of the grape-vine leaves. When 
first hatched, it is one-fifth of an inch long of a pale yel- 
lowish-green color, with a large head and having a long 
black horn near its posterior extremity, half as long as its 
body. As it increases in size, the horn becomes relatively 
shorter and changes in color; the markings of the larva 
also vary considerably at each moult. When fuU grown it 
is about two inches long, with a rather small head of a pale 
green color, dotted with yellow, and with a pale -yellow stripe 
down each side; the body is greeD, of a slightly deeper 
shade than the head, and covered with small yellow dots 
or granulations; along the sides of the body these gran- 
ulations are so arranged as to form a series of seven 
oblique stripes, extending backwards, and margined behind 
with a darker green. A white lateral stripe with a dark- 
green margin extends from just behind the head to the 
horn near the other extremity. Along the back are a series 
of seven spots, varying in color from reddish to bluish 
green, granulated with black in front, and sometimes yellow 
behind and at the tip. This larva has the power of draw- 
ing the head and next two segments within the fourth and 
fifth, causing these latter to appear much distended; the 
feet are red, the pro-legs pale green. Some specimens 
especially among those of the later brood, will be found 
exhibiting remarkable variations in color; instead of green 
they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with markings of 
darker shades of red and brown, which so alter their ap- 
pearance that they might at first be readily taken for a dif- 
ferent species ; a careful comparison, however, will show the 
pame arrangements of dots and spots as in the normal 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 33 



form. When full grown, the larva descends from the vine 
and draws a few leaves closely together, binding them with 
silken threads, usually about or near the base of the vine on 
which it has fed, and within this rude structure changes to 
a chrysalis of a pale-brown color, dotted and streaked with 
a darker shade, and with a row of oval dark brown spots 
along each side. 

The moths from this first brood of larvae usually appear 
during the latter part of July, when they deposit eggs for 
a second brood, which mature late in September, pass the 
winter in the pupa state, and emerge as moths in the fol- 
lowing May. 

The wings of this insect, when fully expanded, measure 
about two and a half inches across, their form being long 
and narrow. 

The fore wings are ot a dark olive-green color, crossed 
by bands and streaks of greenish gray, and shaded on the 
outer margin with the same hue. The hind wings are dull 
red, with a patch of greenish gray next the body, shading 
gradually into the surrounding color. On the under side 
the red appears on the fore wings, the hinder pair being 
greenish gray. The antennas are dull white above, rosy 
below, head and shoulder covers deep olive-green, the rest 
of the body of a paler shade of green; underneath the 
body is dull gray. 

This moth rests quietly during the day, taking wing at 
dusk, when it is extremely active; its flight is very swift 
and strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower, 
rapidly vibrating its wings, remaining poised in the air over 
the objects of its search, while the long, slender tongue is 
inserted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly 
of a humming bird. 



34 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 

" The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of 
the vine, being capable of consuming an enormous quan- 
tity of food ; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, 
will almost strip a small vine of its foliage in the course of 
two or three days. In some districts they are said to nip 
off the stalks of the half grown clusters of grapes so that 
they fall unripe to the ground. 

Remedies. "The readiest and most effectual method 
of disposing of these pests is to pick them off the vines and 
kill them. They are easily found by the denuded canes 
which mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they 
may be tracked by their large brown castings, which strew 
the ground under their places of resort. Nature has pro- 
vided a very efficient check to their undue increase, in a 
small parasitic fly, a species of Ichneumon, the female of 
which punctures the skin of the caterpillar and deposits 
her eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into young 
larvae, which feed upon the fatty portions of their victim, 
avoiding the vital organs. By the time the Sphinx Cater- 
pillar has become full grown, these parasitic larvae have ma- 
tured, and eating their way through the skin of their host, 
they construct their tiny snow white cocoons on its body, 
from which, in about a week, the friendly fly escapes by 
pushing open a nicely fitting lid at one end of its structure. 
No larvae thus infested ever reaches maturity; it invariably 
shrivels up and dies. 

THE AMERICAN PROCRIS. 

(Procris Americana. Harris.) 

Most of the insects hibernate in the pupa state; a few 
as imagos. 

Those that winter as pupae emerge during June and 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 35 

deposit their eggs in patches of 20 or more on the under 
side of the leaves of the grape. The larvae soon hatch and 
feed in flocks on the back of the leaves. 

" While young, the little caterpillars eat only the soft 




Fig. 34. Larva? of American Procrie. 

tissues of the leaves, leaving the fine net-work of veins un- 
touched, but as they grow older they devour all but the 
larger veins." (Saunders.) They mature in August, and 
pupate in a crevice in. the bark. In a fortnight the moths 
emerge, and a second brood of larvae soon follows. The 
majority of these remain through the winter as chrysalids. 
Remedies. Spray the vines thoroughly with Paris 
green and water (one-half teaspoonful of Paris green to a 
gallon of water). A parasitic fly destroys the larvae. 

THE IMPORTED CURRANT BORER. 

{^Egeria tipuliformis. Linn.) 

The imago is a pretty, wasp-like moth, measuring about 
three-quarters of an inch across the expanded wings. The 
body is bluish black, with three yellow bands across the 





\1j m ^ 

Fig, 35. Fig. 36. 

Imported Currant Borer and Moth. 



36 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



abdomen. It appears about the middle of June. The fe- 
male deposits her eggs singly close to the buds. 

They burrow into the stem and bore up and down, feed- 
ing on the pith. (Saunders). 

They pupate in the stem, having first eaten a hole 
nearly through to the outer air, so that when the moth is 
about to appear it can easily burst through and escape. 

Remedy. Out and burn all hollow stems found in the 
fall or spring. 

THE GOOSEBERRY FRUIT WORM. 

[Dakruma convolutella. Hiibner.) 

This insect hibernates as a pupa, the moth appearing 
the last of April or the first of May. The female lays her 
egg on the young gooseberries, the larva burrowing into the 
fruit. Only a single hole is made in a berry. 

When alarmed the worm backs out quickly and drops 



Fig. 37. Gooseberry Fruit Worm. 

down a few inches by a silken thread which it spins. 
Sometimes it drops entirely down to the ground. It pupates 
in a little brown cocoon amid the rubbish on the surface of 
the ground. 

Remedies. Hand picking and the destroying of in- 
fested berries. 

Sprinkling air-slaked lime on the bushes in early spring 
is useful in preventing the female from laying. Kenew if 
the rain washes it off. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 37 



CHAPTER IV. 

Injurious Diptera. 

The order Diptera, (" two-winged ") includes the mos- 
quito, the gnat and the common house-fly, the Hessian fly, 
etc. Also the Syrphus and Tachina flies which are useful 
because they destroy many injurious insects. 

The larvse of Diptera are called maggots. 

The distinguishing feature of this order is that the sec- 
ond pair of wings are not developed as in other orders, but 
are rudimentary, serving as " balancers." 

THE HESSIAN FLY. 

(Cecidomyia destructor. Say.) 

" This insect is double-brooded, as the flies appear both 
in spring and in autumn. At each of these periods the fly 
lays twenty or thirty eggs in the leaf of the young wheat 

plant. , 

"In about four days in warm weather they hatch, and 
the pale-red larvse crawl down the leaf, working their way 
in between it and the main stalk; passing downward till 
they come to a joint, just above which they remain, a little 
below the surface of the ground, with the head toward the 
root of the plant. Here they imbibe the sap by suction 
alone, and by the simple pressure of their bodies they be- 
come imbedded in the side of the stem. Two or three lame 
thus imbedded serve to weaken the plant and cause it to 

wither and die. % 

« The larvse become full grown in five or six weeks, 
then measuring about three -twentieths of an inch in length. 



38 



EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



About the first of December their skin hardens, becoming 
brown; and then turns to a bright chestnut color. This is 
the so-called flax-seed state or puparium. In two or three 




Fig 38. Fig. 39. 

Hessian Fly and Maggot. (Very highly magnified.) 

weeks the 'larva,' (or, more truly speaking, the semi-pupa), 
becomes detached from the old case. In this puparium 
some of the larvae remain through the winter. Toward the 
end of April or the beginning of May, the pupa becomes 
fully formed, and in the middle of May in New England, 
comes forth from the brown puparium, 'wrapped in a thin 
white skin,' according to Herrick, ' which it soon breaks 
and is then at liberty.' The flies appear just as the wheat 
is coming up; they lay their eggs for a period of three 
weeks, and then entirely disappear. The maggots hatched 
from these eggs take the flax-seed form in June and July, 
and are thus found in the harvest time, most of them re- 
maining on the stubble. Most of the flies appear in au- 
tumn," (From Packard's Injurious Insects of the West, 
p. 696.) 

Remedies. There are a number of parasites of the 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 39 



Hessian fly, which have done a great deal of late years to 
check its ravages. 

The predaceous beetles, swallows and martens destroy 
many. 

Changing or rotating crops is advantageous. 

THE BLACK ONION FLY. 

{Ortalis flexa. Wied.) , 

The fly is approximately half an inch in length, each 
wing having three whitish, oblique, crescent- shaped bands 
or stripes. 




Fig. 40. Black Onion Ply. (Lines show real size.) 

There are two yearly broods. 

The maggots of the first brood may be found during the 
month of June. They remain from twelve to fourteen days 
in the pupa state. 

The imagos are rather slow of flight and do not fly any 
great distance. 

Remedies. The only remedies that have as yet been 
tried with any success are the careful removal of all infested 
onions, and the use of the kerosene emulsion (see Chapter 
VIII). 

The application of salt, in the proportion of three or 
four bushels to the acre, has proved useful. 



40 EBERHART8 OUTLINES OF 



THE IMPORTED ONION FLY. 

(Anthomyia ceparum. Bouche.) 

The eggs of this species are deposited on the bases of 
the leaves during May and June. The larvae appear soon 
and proceed to eat their way down to the base of the young 
bulb. 

% 




Fig. 41. Imported Onion Fly. 

In about fourteen days they pupate in the ground, and 

a couple of weeks later the second brood of flies appear, 

which generally lay their eggs on the bulb itself. 

Remedies. Same as for the black onion fly. 

The sickly onions are readily known by their turning 

yellow. 

THE RADISH FLY. 

{Antliomyia radicum. Bouche.) 

" Soon after the early radishes come up," says Dr. 
Packard, "the roots are attacked by small white maggots, 
and when the plants grow in old soil, the maggots are 
especially destructive. The larvae appear in the spring as 
soon as the radishes are partly grown." 

" When full-grown they change in the ground to reddish- 
brown pupse, similar to those of the onion and cabbage mag- 
gots. The insect remains in this state two or three weeks, when 
the fly hatches and crawls up out of the ground, with its 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 41 



wings crumpled up, and climbing up the side of a clod or any 
perpendicular surface which it finds, these members expand 
and assume their proper form before they become dried 
and firm." (Dr. Fitch's Eleventh Report.) 

Remedies. Destroy all infested roots. 

Salt and lime sprinkled on the plants will be found use- 
ful. Planting early avoids the evil to a great extent, as 
does also the rotation of crops. 



42 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



CHAPTEE V. 

Injurious Coleoptera. 

Coleoptera (coleos, a sheath) are so named because the 
front wings are usually horny and opaque and cover over 
or shield the back or membranous pair, which are folded 
longitudinally and transversely beneath them. These wing 
covers are called elytra, (singular, elytron.) The members 
of the order are called beetles. The common or popular 
term for the larva is "grub" or "borer." 

THE CORN ROOT WORM. 

(Diabrotica longicornis.) 

The beetle may be found in corn fields in August and 
September feeding on fallen pollen and thistles and other 
composite plants. 

About the middle of September the females deposit their 
eggs in little clusters in the ground, at the bases of the hills 



if 

Fig. 42. Adult Form of the Corn Root Worm. (Very highly enlarged.) 

of corn. These eggs are. about one -fortieth of an inch 
long, resembling minute hen's eggs. A microscopic exam- 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 4$ 



ination will show that they are covered with little six-sided 
pits. 

The eggs are entirely unprotected, and yet they weather 
the winter, hatching out in the spring about the time the 
corn begins to grow. The full grown larva is nearly half 
an inch long. It burrows into the roots of the corn, mining 
lengthwise, and causing them to decay unless the season is 
very wet. 

The worm pupates in August, in an oval cell in the 
ground, and the beetle hatching out, commences to feed on 
the pollen of the corn, frequently devouring the silk, and 
if they are Dot too hard, the grains of corn also. 

As the Corn Root Worm always stays in the same locality, 
and does not move about much, there is a very simple and 
effective remedy against it, viz., the changing of crops, 
which will soon start out the Root Worms. 

STRAWBERRY ROOT WORMS. 

There are three genera of Chrysomelidce, known as 
Strawberry Root Worms, each occurring at different times, as 
follows : 

Colaspis . . April — June. 

Paria June — August. 

Scelodonta August — June. 

(Active from August — October.) 

They much resemble the larva known as the crown 
borer, but the latter is footless, and so they are easily dis- 
tinguished from it. 

The eggs are laid in the ground at different periods of 
the year, according to the species, the larvse feeding on the 

# 

roots of the strawberry leaves. 

The genus Scelodonta feed only on the strawberry. 



44 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



Paria also feed on the juniper, and Colaspis on the 
grape. 

Colaspis hibernates in the egg state ; Paria as an imago, 
and Scelodonta as a mature larva. They all may be de- 
stroyed with Paris green. 

WIRE WORMS. 

The Wire Worms belong to the family Elateridoe, and to 
the genera Melanotus, Corymbites and Agriotes. They are 
hard, smooth and cylindrical, with acute senses, and pos- 
sessed of great activity. 



Pig. 43. Wire Worm. 

They live three years in the larva state, when they pupate 
in the earth, emerging from June to September. 

Remedies. Attract and destroy them by slices of poi- 
soned potato. 

They do not injure corn until the second year of plant- 
ing on the grass land, and letting the land lie fallow for a 
time is a good remedy. 

THE APPLE-TREE BORER. 

(Saperda Candida. Fabr.) 

This insect is also called the round-headed borer. The 
eggs are laid in the bark at the bottom of the tree, during 
May and June. The larvae bore upward into the wood, 
where they remain for two or three years, when pupating in 
a little cocoon some eight or ten inches from their starting 
place, they emerge during midsummer. 

Remedies. Digging out the larvae is recommended. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



45 



Soft soap and soda, mixed with water to the consistency of 
paint, and applied once in June, and once in July is 
effective. 





Fig. 44. Fig. 45. 

Eound-headed Apple-tree Borer and Beetle. 



THE FLAT HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER. 

{Chrysobothris ftmorata. Fabr.) 

The Flat Headed Borer lives one year, hibernating in a hole 
in the wood of the tree. It pupates from April to June, — 
in Illinois about May, — emerging in June and July. The 



<>* 





Fig. 46. Fig. 47. 

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer and Beetle. 

adult is a flat beetle, which deposits its eggs either singly 
or in patches on the bark or under scales. 

The larvae hatch in a few days and burrow in the sap- 
wood. A few will soon destroy the tree. 

The remedies are the same as for the round-headed 
borer. The larvae are found near the bottom of the trunk. 



46 



EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



THE PLUM CURCULIO. 

(Conotrachelus nenuphar. Herbst.) 

The Plum Weevil hibernates in the adult state. The 
beetle is a short thick one, with a rough-surface, and much 




Fig. 48. Plum Curculio. 



(Greatly enlarged. Showing also the crescentic cut 
in the fruit.) 



resembles a dried bud. It is distinguished from the apple 
curculio by having two humps on the back. The female 




Fig. 49. Larva of Plum Curculio. 

makes a hole in the fruit with her snout, in which she lays 
her eggs, and then makes a crescentic cut around the 
place. 

The best remedy is to spread sheets under the tree, and 
hit the trunk, jarring off the beetles which may be collected 
and burned. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 47 



THE APPLE CURCULIO. 

(Anthonomus quadrigibbus. Say.) 



The Apple Curculio has four humps and makes a round 
puncture in the fruit, in which the eggs are deposited. 




Fig. 50. Apple Curculio. 

The larvae go down to the core. They pupate in about a 
month in the fruit, and a fortnight or so later the perfect 
insect appears. 

The only remedy known as yet to be at all useful is to 
jar the infested apples off the tree and feed them to the 
swine. 

THE PLUM GOUGER. 
(Coccotorue scutellaris. LeC.) 

The Plum Gouger is somewhat similar in habits to the 
plum curculio. Its footless larvae bore into the seed, where 




Fig. 51. Plum Gouger. 

they live. The same remedies apply that are used for the 
plum curculio. 



48 



EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



THE PEACH CURCULIO. 

{Ithycerus noveboracensis. Forster.) 

Also commonly known as the New York Weevil. It is 
the largest species of snout-beetle occurring in this country. 





Fig. 52. Fig. 53. 

Larva and Imago of the Peach Curculio or New York Weevil. 

The beetles appear in May and June, doing considerable 
injury to the buds and twigs of the peach-tree, although 
frequently found in the apple, plum, pear and cherry. The 
female makes a hole in the twig under the bark in which 
she deposits an egg. The larvae are footless. 

Remedies. The same as for the plum curculio. 

THE POTATO BEETLE. 

(Doryphora io-lineata, Say.) 

Also commonly called the Potato-bug and the Colorado 
Potato Beetle, the last name being the correct one. 

It is too well known to require any description, but a 
few points may be stated which most people are not famil- 
iar with. 

They pass the winter in the perfect or beetle state, re- 
maining dormant in the ground, and appearing early in 
spring. The females deposit their eggs on the under side 
of the leaves and the orange-colored eggs hatch in about a 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 49 

week into little grubs. These begin feeding on the leaves, 
and maturing in two or three weeks descend to the ground 
and pupate under rubbish or in the earth. 

They remain from ten to twelve days in this state, when 
they emerge and the process is repeated, — the number of 
yearly broods varying, sometimes being as many as four or 
five, and at other times only two or three. 

A closely allied beetle (Doryphora juncta, Germar), is 
often mistaken for the real one, but this latter feeds on 
various species of Solanum, (the genus which includes the 
ground-cherry, horse-nettle, etc.,) and never attacks the 
potato. 

Remedies. Paris green or some other arsenical poi- 
son is the most effectual. One pound of it should be mixed 
with twenty of pulverized plaster, or with common flour, 
and dusted on the leaves in the early morning, the dew 
holding it there. 

It may also be applied to advantage just after a shower. 
A duster made of a tin box, with a perforated bottom, and 
a handle four or five feet long, is recommended. 

Care should be taken not to inhale any of the green, as 
it is a deadly poison. 

London purple may be substituted for the green and 
will be found as effective as well as considerably cheaper. 

THE PEA WEEVIL. 

(Bruchus pisi, Linn.) 

"The Pea Weevil," says Treat, "is easily distinguished 
from all other species of the genus with which we are 
troubled, by its larger size, and by having on the tip of the 
abdomen * * * two dark oval spots, which cause the 
remaining white portion to look something like the letter 



50 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 

T. It is about 0.18-0.20 inch long and its general color is 
a rusty black, with more or less white on the wing covers, 
and * * * on the hinder part of the thorax, near the 
scutel. * * * It is supposed to be an indigenous North 
American insect and was first noticed * * * around 
Philadelphia, from whence it has spread over most of the 
state where the pea is cultivated. The female deposits her 
eggs on the outside of the pod. It is a very general re- 
mark that peas are "stung by the bug" and the impression 
prevails * * * that the female punctures and de- 
posits her eggs in the pea in which the larva is to be nour- 





Pig. 54. Fig. 55. 

Pea Weevil and Larva. 

ished." The beetles appear about the time the peas blos- 
som and the yellow eggs are laid on any part whatever of 
the surface of the pod, being held there by fluid which is 
rather viscid, and on drying is white and glistening, quot- 
ing again from Treat: "The newly hatched larva is of a 
deep yellow color, with a black head, and it makes a direct 
cut through the pod into the nearest pea. The hole soon 
filling up in the pod, and leaving but a mere speck, not as 
large as a pinhole, in the pea. The larva feeds and grows 
apace, and generally avoids the germ of the future sprout, 
perhaps because it is distasteful so that most of the buggy 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 51 

peas will germinate as readily as those that have been un- 
touched. When full grown the larva * * * eats a circular 
hole on one side of the pea, and leaves only the thin hull as a 
covering. It then retires and lines its cell with a thin and 
smooth layer of paste, pushing aside and entirely excluding 
all excrement, and in this ceil it assumes the pupa state, and 
the beetle when ready to issue has only to eat its way 
through the thin piece of hull which the larva had left 
covering the hole. It has been proved that the beetle 
would die if it had not, during its larval life, prepared this 
passage way, for Earnest Menault asserts that the beetle 
dies when the hole is pasted over with a piece of paper even 
thinner than the hull itself." 

Remedies. Take care that no buggy peas are planted. 
Put them in water; the sound ones sink and the buggy ones 
float on top and may be readily skimmed off. In localities 
where few of your neighbors raise peas, or where they con- 
sent to do the same as you, if you plant no peas at all for a 
year or two the bugs will be effectually gotten rid of, or at 
least lessened so that they will do comparatively little 
damage. 

THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE. 

(Crioceris asjiaragi- Linn.) 

Hibernating in the adult state the females deposit their 
first eggs in May. The larvse hatch in about a week. 

The eggs are blackish and the larvse a sombre ash color. 
They feed on the bark on the young shoots of asparagus. 
In the latter part of June they pupate in slight cocoons 
under rubbish or in the earth. The second brood of larvae 
emerge usually between August the 10th and 20th and the 
beetles mature in September. 



52 EBEHHART8 OUTLINES OF 



Remedies. "A small shining black parasitic fly " de- 
stroys large numbers. Destroying in early spring all young 
shoots or seedlings, in fact all plants but the more mature 




Fig. 56. Asparagus Beetle. 

marketable ones, is effectual, as the female must perforce 
deposit her eggs on the latter, and as these are cut and sold 
every few days the eggs are not allowed to hatch in the 
field. 

THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. 

(Diabrotica nittata. Fabr.) 

This insect is universally distributed, and wherever found 
is looked upon by the cucumber raiser as his greatest enemy. 

The adult beetles appear early in the spring and at once 
proceed to their destructive occupation. 




Fig. 57. Striped Cucumber Beetle. 

They are said to frequently devour the terminal shoot of 
the sprouting seed thus effectually destroying the plant. 

The larvae, which are hatched later on, are whitish grubs, 
about half an inch long. Becoming full grown in about a 
month after hatching. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 53 

They pupate in cells in the ground. There are two or 
three yearly broods. 

Remedies. The cheapest and most effectual remedy 
is to cover the plants with boxes, open at the bottom and 
covered with netting. 

Sprinkling the plants early in the day with a mixture 
of two parts of Paris green and eight parts of flour is 
recommended. 

THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. 

(Graptodera chalybea. Illig.) 

Hibernates in the adult state. Comes forth early in the 
spring and feeds on the buds as soon as they commence 
swelling. 

In three or four weeks it deposits its eggs in little clusters 
on the under sides of the leaves. The eggs are yellowish in 
color, and "in a few days produce colonies of small, dark- 
brown larvae, which feed on the upper side of the leaves, 
riddling them; and when numerous they devour the whole 





Fig. 58. Fig. 59. 

Grape-vine Flea-beetle and Larva. 

leaf except the larger veins, and sometimes entirely strip 
the vines of foliage." 

In about a month the larvae mature, "when it is a little 
more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually of a light 
brown color, sometimes dark, and occasionally paler and 



54 EBERHABTS OUTLINES OF 

yellowish. The head is black, and there are six or eight 
shining black dots on each of the other segments of the 
body, from each dot arising a single brownish hair. The 
under surface is paler than the upper, its feet, six in num- 
ber, are black, and there is a fleshy, orange-colored pro-leg 
on the terminal segment." 

" When mature, the larvae leave the vines and descend 
to the ground, where they burrow into the earth and form 
small, smooth, oval cells, within which they change to dark- 
yellowish chrysalids." — (Saunders.) 

The beetles appear in a fortnight or so and feed upon 
the leaves. They are possessed of highly developed thighs, 
which enables them to jump to some distance, and on 
account of which they receive their name. 

Remedies. Spray the plants thoroughly in the spring 
with Paris green and water (a teaspoonful to a gallon). 

The absence of rubbish about the vines will remove the 
shelter which the beetles seek and thus be beneficial. 

Sprinkle air- slaked lime around the vines in the fall. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



55 



CHAPTER VL 

Injurious Hemiptera. 

Hemiptera ("half -winged" insects) have a portion of 
the upper or front wings thick and coriaceous (leathery). 
The members are called "true bugs," and among them are 
the chinch-bug, squash-bug, bed-bug and plant-louse. 

The larvse are like the perfect insect except that they 
have no wings. 

THE CHINCH BUG 

(Blissus leucopterus. Say.) 

The Chinch Bug is by far the most formidable enemy 
with which the raiser of corn has to contend. It would 
appear that nothing can be devised to control the ravages 





Fig. 61. 



Chinch Bug and Pupa. 



of the insect, but as long as a possibility remains, the 
economic entomologist will seek for the panacea. 



56 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



As a brief sketch of the life history of the insect, we 
quote as follows from S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of 
Illinois, who has made a careful study of its life and habits 
for some years. " The eggs are usually laid early in spring, 
on the roots or lower part of the stem of grain in the field, 
and to these the young are confined for a time after they 
hatch. 

As they get larger and more numerous, they come out 
of the ground and gather on the stalks of the wheat or 
oats, remaining there until the ripening of the grain com- 
pels them to seek food elsewhere. At this time they are 
commonly just beginning to acquire wings, but they migrate 
to the corn field on foot, as a very general rule, gathering 
for the first few days on the outer rows of the field. As 
soon as the larger part of the brood acquire wings, how- 
ever, they begin to scatter through the field, laying their 
eggs on the corn, where the second brood live in the corn- 
fields until cold weather approaches, when they scatter 
everywhere for shelter under which to pass the winter. In 
the spring they emerge and deposit their eggs in the grain 
fields as already described." 

Remedies. Wet weather has proved very destructive 
in its effects upon Chinch Bugs; no actual experiments 
having been made, however, but this is shown by the testi- 
mony of past years. Frequently plowing and harrowing a 
narrow strip of land bordering the field has offered an 
obstruction to those Chinch Bugs which enter the field in 
masses and on foot. Another method is to place boards on 
edge around the field and keep their upper edges daubed 
with coal-tar. As the bugs of the first brood remain at 
first on the borders they may be reached here with insecti- 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 57 

cides, and their destruction prevents the second brood from 
developing. 

Professor Forbes found "that a simple mechanical mix- 
ture of water and three per cent, of kerosene " was deadly 
to bugs of all ages, nor did it injure the corn, provided the 
kerosene was well emulsed. 

The corn should be sprayed with this fluid. He found 
the cost of this mixture to be about four mills per gallon. 
With proper appliances the cost ought not to exceed five 
dollars an acre. And "if by treating a strip at the outer 
edge of a corn field, — the few rows nearest a ripening field 
of wheat for example, — the whole field could be protected 
against the savage ravages of the bugs, it would certainly 
pay the farmer well to undertake this task." 

The greatest practical results, however, will probably 
be obtained through the natural enemies of the Chinch Bug. 
It was found that lady-bugs and predaceous ground-beetles 
destroy a considerable number. 

But by far the most deadly enemy of the Chinch Bug is 
a species of bacteria. This infests the stomach and other 
internal organs, and much resembles that found by Pasteur 
in the silk worm. Professor Forbes' method is to cultivate 
this silk worm virus for the destruction of various insect 
pests. 

HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. 
(Hurcjantia (Strachia) Jiistrionica. Hahn.) 

This insect derives its name from its gay colors and 
harlequin-like manners. 

The eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in length, 
and very beautiful little fellows too. They are laid in two 
parallel rows of some half a dozen each. Says Riley: 
" When first deposited they are green in color, but soon be- 



58 EBERRAMT8 OUTLINES OF 

come white, with black markings. Their resemblance to 
miniature white barrels with black hoops is very marked, and 
the resemblance is heightened by a small black spot in the 
proper position for a bung hole. The sides of the eggs 
which are applied to each other are almost entirely black. 

In oviposition the female moves her ovipositor in a zig- 
zag manner from one row to the other. The young larva in 
hatching cuts out the head of the barrel with its beak with 
the utmost neatness and precision." 




Pig. 62. Harlequin Cabbage Bug. 

This insect has a great preference for such plants as the 
cabbage and the turnip : but has no aversion to mustard and 
radishes. 

Remedies. Hot water is very good, as is also the 
method of entrapping them under leaves and rubbish where 
they have sought shelter. 

Burning weeds and rubbish and care and cleanliness in 
cultivation are useful. 

The kerosene emulsion might be tried. 

THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG. 

(Lygus lineolaris. Beauv.) 

This destructive insect is plentiful all over the coun- 
try. It attacks a variety of plants, doing great injury. 

Hibernating in the mature state, they deposit their eggs 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 59 

in early spring, and both old and young bugs may be 
found together during most of the summer. The young 
ones do not differ from their parents, except in being en- 




Fig. 63. Tarnished Plant Bug. 

tirely green in color, and without wings. There are prob- 
ably two broods during the year. 

" This bug is a very variable species, the males being 
generally much darker than the females. The more com- 
mon color of the dried cabinet specimens is a dirty yellow, 
variegated * * * with black and dark brown; and one 
of the most characteristic marks is a yellow V, sometimes 
looking more like a Y, or indicated by three simple dots on 
the scutel, (the little triangular piece on the middle of the 
back, behind the thorax.) The color of the living specimens 
* * * frequently inclines to olive-green. The thorax, 
which is finely punctured, is always finely bordered and 
divided down the middle with yellow lines, very frequently 
obsolete behind. The thighs always have two dark bands or 
rings near their tips." — (Eiley.) 

Remedies. Pyrethrum is effective against this insect,, 
as is also the kerosene emulsion, provided it contains not less 
than five per cent, of the kerosene. 



60 



EBERHART8 OUTLINES OF 



THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE. 

(Pulvinaria innumerabilis . Kathvon.) 

" The young lice hatch in spring or early summer, walk 
about actively as soon as born, and settle along the ribs of 
the leaves ( very rarely on the young twigs). They then insert 
their beaks and begin to pump up sap and to increase in 
size, a thin layer of waxy secretion immediately beginning 
to cover the dorsum. In a little more than three weeks they 
have increased to double their size at birth, and undergo 
their first moult, shedding the skin, it is supposed, in small 
fragments. After this first moult, the waxy secretion in- 
creases in abundance and a differentiation between the 
sexes is observable. The males grow more slender and soon 
cease to increase in size, covering themselves with a thick 
coating of whitish wax. The pupa then begins to form 
within the larval skin, the appendages gradually taking 
shape, the head separating from the thorax, the mouth 
parts being replaced by a pair of ventral eyes. A pair of 
long wax filaments is excreted from near the anus and these 
continue to grow during the life of the insect. It is the 
protrusion of these filaments from beneath the waxy scale 
which indicates the approaching exclusion of the male. The 
posterior end of the scale is in this manner raised up, and 
the perfect insect backs out with its wings held close to the 
sides of its body. 

" Meanwhile the female larvae * * * grow larger 
and also broader across the posterior portion but remain flat. 
* * * Just before the appearance of the adult males 
they undergo another moult, and change in color from a 
uniform pale yellow to a somewhat deeper yellow with deep 
red markings."* 



*C. V. Riley, Report of U. S. Entomologist, 1884. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 61 



Remedies. Spray the trees with the kerosene emul- 
sion, late in May or early in June, The bark louse has a 
number of natural enemies, such as the predaceous beetles, 
the lady-bug, a species of harvest mite, and two true par- 
asites. 

THE SQUASH BUG. 

(Anasa (Coreus) tristis. Degeer.) 

The females deposit their yellowish brown eggs in June 
(in the latitude of Illinois), cementing them to the under 
sides of the squash leaves. The young bugs moult their 
skins a number of times and at last attain the adult state 
without passing through the dormant pupal stage. The 
perfect insects are a rust-colored brown above or rather 




Fig. 64. Squash Bug. (Somewhat enlarged.) 

yellow, so covered by tiny black dots, that it appears to be a 
rusty black. The color of the under side of the body is yel- 
low. They are readily known by the odor they emit which 
resembles that of the banana. 

They live upon the juices of the leaves which they suck 
up through their beaks causing the leaves to wither and die. 

Remedies. Hand picking of the bugs, and the de- 
struction of the eggs which are to be found on the under 
side of the leaves. 



62 EBERHART8 OUTLINES OF 



THE APPLE APHIS. 

{Aphis mali. Fabr.) 

"During the winter," says Saunders, " There may often 
be found in crevices and cracks of the bark of the twigs of 
the apple tree, and also about the base of the buds, a num- 
ber of very minute, oval, shining black eggs. These are 
the eggs of the apple tree aphis, Aphis mali. They 
are deposited in the autumn, and when first laid are 
of a light yellow or green color, but gradually become 
darker, and finally black. 

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, these 
eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves upon the 
swelling buds and the small, tender leaves, and inserting 
their beaks feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatched 
at this period of the year are females, and reach maturity 
in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth to 
living young, producing about two daily for two or three 
weeks, after which the older ones die. The young locate 
about the parents as closely as they can stow themselves, 
and they also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve 
days, and are as prolific as their predecessors. They thus 
increase so rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand, colo- 
nies are ready to occupy them. As the season advances, 
some of the females acquire wings, and, dispersing, found 
new colonies on other trees. When cold weather approaches, 
males as well as females are produced, and the season closes 
with the deposit of a stock of eggs for the continuance of 
the species for another year. When newly born the Apple 
Aphis is almost white, but soon becomes of a pale, dull 
greenish -yellow. The mature females are generally with- 
out wings; their bodies are oval in form, less than one- 
tenth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish -green color, often 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 63 



striped with deeper green. The eyes are black, honey- 
tubes green, and there is a short, tail -like appendage of a 
black color." The winged females and the males are very 
similar in color. The head, thorax and antennae are black, 
with the neck usually green. The abdomen is short and 
thick, of an oval form and bright green color, with a row 
of black dots along each side; the wings are transparent, 
with dark brown veins. 

Most of the insects belonging to this family (Aphid ae) 
are provided with two little tubes or knobs, which project 
one on each side, from the hinder part of their bodies; 
these are called honey tubes, or nectaries, and from them 
is secreted in considerable quantities a sweet fluid. This 
fluid falling upon the leaves and evaporating gives them a 
shiny appearance, as if coated with varnish, and for the 
purpose of feeding upon this sweet deposit, which is 
known as honey- dew, different species of ants and flies are 
found visiting them. Ants also visit the colonies of aphides 
and stroke the insects with their antennas to induce them to 
part with some of the sweet liquid, which is greedily sipped 
up. This fluid is said to serve as food for a day or two to 
the newly-born young. 

The leaves of trees infested by these insects become dis- 
torted and twisted backwards, often with their tips press- 
ing against the twig from which they grow, and they thus 
form a covering for the aphides, protecting them from 
rain. An infested tree may be distinguished at some dis- 
tance by this bending back of the leaves and young twigs. 
It is stated that the scab on the fruit of the apple tree often 
owes its origin to the punctures of these plant lice. This 
species, which was originally imported from Europe, is now 



64 EBEHHARrS OUTLINES OF 



found in apple orchards all over the Northern United States 
and Canada. 

Remedies. Lady-bugs destroy many. Syringe trees 
in spring when buds are bursting with weak lye, strong 
soap-suds, or tobacco- water. 

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. 

{Phylloxera vastatrix. Planchon.) 

l ' The insect* presents itself under several different 
forms, all of which belong to two types. One of these is the 
Leaf-Gall Type (gallicola), and the other is found upon the 
roots of the vine (radicicola). 

" First, as to the Leaf- Gall Type (Gallicola). The gall 
or excrescence produced by this is a fleshy swelling of the 
under side of the leaf, more or less wrinkled and hairy, 




Fig. 65. Female Gall Louse. (Very highly magnified.) 

with a corresponding depression of the upper side, the 
margin of the cup being fuzzy, and drawn together so as 
to form a fringed mouth. It is usually cup- shaped, but 
sometimes greatly elongated or purse- shaped. Soon after 
the first* vine leaves that put out in the spring have fully 
expanded, a few scattering galls may be found, mostly on 
the lower leaves, nearest the ground. These vernal galls 



*This article is condensed by Mrs. Treat from Prof. Riley and here copied 
bv us. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 65 



are usually large (of the size of an ordinary pea), and the 
normal green is often blushed with rose where exposed to 
the light of the sun. On carefully opening one of them, we 
shall find the mother-louse diligently at work surrounding 
herself with pale yellow eggs of, an elongate oval form 
scarcely one hundredth of an inch long, and not quite half as 
thick. She is about four hundredths of an inch long, gener- 
ally spherical in shape, of a dull orange color, and looks 
not unlike an immature seed of the common purslame. At 
times by the elongation of the abdomen, she is more or less 
perfectly pear-shaped. Her members are all dusky, and so 
short, compared to her swollen body, that she appears very 
clumsy, and undoubtedly would be outside of her gall, 
which she never has occasion to quit, and which serves her 
alike as dwelling house and coffin. More carefully ex- 
amined, her skin is seen to be shagreened or minutely 
granulated and furnished with rows of minute hairs. The 
eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight days old, into active 
little oval, six-footed beings, which differ from their mother 
in their brighter yellow color and more perfect legs and 
antennae, the tarsi being furnished with long, pliant hairs, 
terminating in a more or less distinct globule. In hatching, 
the egg splits longitudinally from the anterior end, and the 
young louse, whose pale-yellow is in strong contrast with 
the more dusky color of the egg-shell, escapes in the course 
of two minutes. Issuing from the mouth of the gall, these 
young lice scatter over the vine, most of them finding their 
way to the tender terminal leaves, where they settle in the 
downy bed which these leaves afford, and commence 
pumping up and appropriating the sap. The tongue sheath 
is blunt and heavy, but the tongue proper — consisting of 
three brown, elastic, and wiry filaments, which, united, 



66 EBERHAUTS OUTLINES OF 

make so fine a thread as scarcely to be visible with the 
strongest microscope — is sharp, and easily run into a leaf Its 
puncture causes a curious change in the tissues of the leaf, 
the growth being so stimulated that the under side bulges 
and thickens, while the down on the upper side increases in 
a circle around the louse, and finally hides and covers it as 
it recedes more and more within the deepening cavity. 
Sometimes the lice are so crowded that two occupy the same 
gall. If, from the premature death of the louse, or other 
cause, the gall becomes abortive before being completed, 
then the circle of thickened down or fuzz enlarges with the 
expansion of the leaf, and remains to tell the tale of the 
futile effort, otherwise in a few days the gall is formed, and 
the inheld louse, which, while eating its way into house 
and home, is also growing apace, begins a parthenoge- 
netic maternity by the deposition of fertile eggs, as her im- 
mediate parent had done before. She increases in bulk 
with pregnancy, and one egg follows another in quick suc- 
cession until the gall is crowded. The mother dies and 
shrivels, and the young, as they hatch, issue and found new 
galls. This process continues during the summer until the 
fifth or sixth generation. Every egg brings forth a fertile 
female, which soon becomes wonderfully prolific. The 
number of eggs found in a single gall averages about two 
hundred; yet it will sometimes reach as many as five hun- 
dred. Even supposing there are but five generations during 
the year, and taking the lowest of the above figures, 1 he 
immense prolificacy of the species becomes manifest. As 
summer advances, they frequently become prodigiously multi- 
plied, completely covering the leaves with their galls. The lice 
also settle on the tendrils, leaf- stalks and tender branches, 
where they also form knots and rounded excrescences much 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



resembling those made on the roots. In such a case the 
vine loses its leaves prematurely. Usually, however, the 
natural enemies of the louse seriously reduce its numbers 
by the time the vine ceases its growth in the fall, and the 
few remaining lice, finding no more succulent and suitable 
leaves, seek the roots. Thus, by the end of September the 
galls are mostly deserted, and those which are left are 
almost always infested with mildew, and eventually turn 
brown and decay. On the roots, the young lice attach 
themselves singly or in little groups, and thus hiber- 
nate. The male gall louse has never been seen, and there 
is every reason to believe that he has no existence. Nor 
does the female ever acquire wings. It is but a transient 
state, not at all essential to the perpetuation of the species, 
and does, compared with the other type, but trifling damage. 
As already indicated, the autumnal individuals of Gallicola 
descend to the roots, and there hibernate. There is every 
reason to believe also that, throughout the summer, some of 
the young lice hatched in the galls are passing on the roots ; 
as considering their size, they are great travelers, and show 
a ^strong disposition to reach the earth with ease and safety. 
At all events, we know from experiments, that the young 
Gallicola, if confined to vines on which they do not normally 
form galls, will, in the middle of summer, make themselves 
perfectly at home on the roots. 

THE ROOT INHABITING TYPE. 

(Radiciola.) 

We have seen that, in all probability, gallicola exists 
only in the wingless, shagreened, non tubercled, fecund 
female form. Radiciola, however, presents itself in two 
principal forms. The newly hatched larvae of this type are 



68 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



undistinguishable, in all essential characters, from those 
hatched in the galls; but in due time they shed the smooth 
larval skin, and acquire raised warts or tubercles which at 
once distinguish them from gallicola. In the development 
from this point the two forms are separable with sufficient 
ease: one of a more dingy greenish yellow, with more 
swollen fore-body, and more tapering abdomen; the other 
of a brighter yellow, with the lateral outline more perfectly 
oval, and with the abdomen more truncated at tip. The 
first or mother form is the analogue of gallicola, as it never 
acquires wings, and is occupied, from adolescence till death, 




Fig. 66. Somewhat Mature Larva of the Root-inhabiting Type. (Very highly 

magnified.) 

with the laying of eggs, which are less numerous and some- 
what larger than those found in the galls. We have counted 
in the spring as many as two hundred and sixty-five eggs in 
a cluster, and all evidently from one mother, who was yet 
very plump, and still occupied in laying. As a rule, how- 
ever, they are less numerous. With pregnancy this form 
becomes quite tumid and more less pyriform, and is content 
to remain with scarcely any motion in the more secluded 
parts of the roots, such as creases, sutures, and depressions, 
which the knots afford. The skin is distinctly shagreened 
as in Gallicola. The warts, though usually quite visible 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 09 



with a good lens, are at other times more or less obsolete, 
especially on the abdomen. 

The second or more oval form is destined to become 
winged. Its tubercles, when once acquired, are always 
conspicuous ; it is more active than the other, and its eyes 
increase rather than diminish in complexity with age. 
From the time it is one-third grown, the little dusky wing 
pads may be discovered, though less conspicuous than in 
the pupa state, which is soon after assumed. The pupse 
are still more active, and, after feeding a short time, they 
make their way to the light of day, crawl over the ground 
and over the vines, and finally shed their skin and assume 
the winged state. In this last moult the tubercled skin 
splits on the back, and is soon worked off; the body in the 
winged insect having neither tubercles nor granulations. 
These winged insects are most abundant in August and 
September, but may be found as early as the first of July, 
and until the vines cease growing in the fall. The majority 
of them are females, with the abdomen large and more or 
less elongate. From two to five eggs may invariably be 
found in the abdomen of these, and are easily seen when 
the insect is held between the light, or mounted in balsam 
or glycerine. A certain proportion have an entirely differ- 
ent shaped and smaller body, the abdomen being short, 
contracted, and terminating in a fleshy and dusky protuber- 
ance ; the limbs stouter, and the wings proportionately 
larger and stouter. This form has been looked upon as 
the male. As fall advances the winged individuals become 
more and more scarce, and as winter sets in, only eggs, 
newly hatched larvse, and a few wingless, egg- bearing 
mothers are seen. These last die and disappear during the 
winter, which is mostly passed in the larva state, with here 



70 EBERH ART'S OUTLINES OF 

and there a few eggs. The larvae thus hibernating become 
dingy, with the body and limbs more shagreened and the 
•claws less perfect than when first hatched; and, of thousands 
examined, all bear the same appearance, and all are fur- 
nished with strong suckers. As soon as the ground thaws 
and the sap starts in the spring, these young lice work off 
their winter coat, and growing apace commence to deposit 
their eggs. Since, in 1870, the absolute identity of these 
two types was proved by showing that the gall -lice become 
ro^t lice. The fact has been repeatedly substantiated by 
different observers. (In 1873 galls were obtained on the 
leaves of a Clinton vine from the root-inhabiting type, thus 
establishing the identity of the two types.) 

THE MORE MANIFEST AND EXTERNAL EFFECTS OF 
PHYLLOXERA DISEASE. 

The result which follows the puncture of the root louse 
is an abnormal swelling, differing in form according to the 
particular part and texture of the root. These swellings, 
which are generally commenced at the tip of the rootless, 
eventually rot, and the lice forsake them and betake them- 
selves to fresh ones — the living tissue being necessary to 
the existence of this as of all plant lice. The decay affects 
the parts adjacent to the swellings, and on the more fibrous 
roots cuts off the supply of sap to all parts beyond. As 
these last decompose, the lice congregate on the larger 
ones, untL at last the root system literally wastes 
away. 

Remedies. Thus far, the only practicable method of 
combating the insect when established upon the root, is by 
drowning it by irrigating the soil. In Europe the method 
largely adopted is to graft their vines upon varieties, the 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 71 

roots of which are Phylloxera proof; for this purpose 
American varieties have been sent to Europe in immense 
numbers, as cuttings and as rooted plants. An enterprising 
grape growing firm has even established nurseries in Europe 
for the production of vines that resist the Phylloxera. 



72 EBEBHARTS OUTLINES OF 



OHAPTEE TIL 

Injurious Oethoptera. 

Orthoptera ("straight-winged" insects,) include the lo- 
custs, grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, etc. 

The upper wings are more or less leathery, and protect 
the lower ones, which are folded fan-like beneath them. 

As in Hemiptera, the larvae differ from the adults only 
in the absence of wings. 

LOCUSTS. 

(Acridiclce.) 

The abdomen of the female locust is armed with an 
ovipositor (the organ used in depositing eggs), consisting 
of. four horny valves, two curving upward and two down- 
war When ready to lay her eggs, she makes a hole in 
the ground with this ovipositor, in which they are deposited 
one at a time, placed obliquely and in regular order, so as 
to form an oval mass. 




Fig. 67. P. femur-rubrum. 

The eggs are covered with a white mucus, which ulti- 
mately hardens and holds them together. 

The hole above the cluster is then closed, the soil being 
mixed with this same mucus, which, hardening, prevents 
the accession of moisture. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 73 



The eggs in the mass are placed in four rows, that part 
toward the surface which will allow the newly hatched in- 
sects to emerge head- foremost. 

The masses are generally placed in hard and compact 
earth in preference to that which is loose or sandy. 

When the locusts are plentiful, the females may even 
be found boring into the hard soil of a well traveled street. 

The young locusts resemble the adults in every respect 
except that they have no wings. 

In a few hours after hatching they begin to feed on 
whatever appropriate food they find near them. 




Fig. 68. P. Spretus. 

They develop rapidly, moulting or casting their skin 
repeatedly, until they attain the adult state, the wings ap- 
pearing at the second or third moult. 

The locusts devour all varieties of vegetation, and great 
destruction is attendant on their appearance. 

The common red-legged species (Pezotettix (Caloptenus) 
femur -rubrum, De Geer), prefers to feed upon grasses in 
open areas, while the Rocky Mountain Locust (P. spretus, 
Thomas), a closely allied species, differing principally in 
having longer wings, feeds upon any plant that comes in 
its way. 

Remedy. The most effectual remedy has been demon- 
strated to be the kerosene emulsion (see next chapter). 

Note. The following paragraphs on the locusts, from 



74 EBERHARrS OUTLINES OF 

the Ninth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, by 
Dr. Thomas, may be of interest to many readers : 

"CLIMATIC INFLUENCE." 

" Dampness is undoubtedly the most potent natural 
agent in keeping them in check. 

Although they may have hatched out in excessive num- 
bers, yet if a rainy season follows soon afterwards, they 
will be destroyed to a very large extent, and the invigorated 
vegetation will bid defiance to the feeble attacks of those 
that remain alive. Like other insects their breathing ap- 
paratus consists of tubes that permeate the body, connect- 
ing with opening or breathing pores along the sides of the 
body, one on each side of a segment. 

The moisture taken in by inspiration in all probability 
produces disease, or at least in some way prevents the free 
passage of the air and thus lessens the vitality. 

Excessive changes during the winter also appear to have 
a tendency to destroy the vitality of the eggs. That those 
of the red-legged and other allied species, which are some- 
what boreal in their habits, can withstand a greater degree 
of cold, is undoubtedly true, but they are certainly affected 
by sudden and considerable changes. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 75 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Kerosene Emulsions. 

This remedy has become so popular of late years that 
it is certainly deserving of a special chapter. 

It stands at the head of the Economic Entomologist's 
list of insecticides. 

The methods of emulsifying kerosene were first made 
public in 1880, and since that time they have come into 
universal use. 

" It cannot be too strongly impressed upon all who use 
kerosene as an insecticide," says Riley, " that it can be con- 
sidered a safe remedy only when properly emulsified." 

The great point to be looked after is that there is 
sufficient agitation to make a permanent emulsion. 

The following formula of Riley's is that which Mr. 
Hubbard found so satisfactory in destroying the scale - 
insects infesting the orange: — 

Kerosene 2 gallons = 67 per cent. 

Common or whale oil soap. _ % pound ) 

Water. 1 gallon J = 33 per cent. 

" Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the 
kerosene. Churn the mixture by means of a force-pump 
and a spray- nozzle, for five or ten minutes. The emulsion, 
if perfect, forms a cream, which thickens on cooling, and 
should adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass. 
Dilute before using, one part of the emulsion with nine 
parts of water. The above formula gives three gallons of 
emulsion, and makes, when diluted, thirty gallons of wash 



76 EBERHARrS OUTLINES OF 



"Another frequent cause of failure," continues Biley, 
"is the attempt to form an emulsion by churning together 
a small quantity of kerosene and a large quantity of dilu- 
ent. Only a very unstable compound is thus formed. The 
very essence of the process requires that the oil shall be 
broken down by driving into union with it, a smaller, or at 
most an equal, quantity of the emulsifying solution, after 
which, if a genuine emulsion is formed, it may be diluted 
to any extent with water." 

Persons who are intending to use this remedy will do 
well to heed the instructions given above, and to carefully 
follow out the directions. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 77 



CHAPTER IX. 

How to Collect and Mount Insects.* 

The necessary outfit of the Entomologist is neither a very 
large nor a very expensive one. It consists of a net, a num- 
ber of bottles of alcohol, a few small boxes, one or two 
cyanide bottles, some pins and cork, and a few setting 
boards. 

For a net, it is best to go to a tinner, and have him 
make you a wire hoop about twelve inches in diameter, with 
a socket, into which the handle may be introduced. The 
bag portion should be made of cheese-cloth, or, still better, 
Swiss muslin. The entire cost of the net will not exceed 
twenty -five cents. 

If your specimens are to remain in the alcohol for any 
length of time, the purest, or 98 per cent., should be used, 
but if you intend leaving the insects in for a few days only, 
a poorer grade will suffice. 

Next is your cyanide bottle, to be used in killing butter- 
flies and such other insects as would be injured by immer- 
sion in alcohol. For this, get a wide-mouthed bottle or jar, 
and into it drop a few pieces of cyanide of potassium, (pro- 
curable at any drug store), and over them pour plaster of 
Paris, mixed with water. When this hardens it will form a 
smooth floor, the deadly fumes from which will soon over- 
come any insect placed upon it. The entire cost of this 
article will be about fifteen cents. 



'Copyright, 1888. Noble M. Eberhart. 



78 EBERHARTS OUTLINES OF 



The other bottles and the boxes you can easily procure 
without cost. 

The boxes are used to place insects in that it is desirable 
to keep separate from the others. 

In collecting, sweep the fields with the net, and use it 
also for butterflies, and other insects on the wing. Many 
specimens lurk under stones and boards, and under the 
loose bark of trees and stumps. In the latter places many 
insects are found in winter, so that the collector need not 
cease his work at any period of the year. 

At night many fine butterflies and moths may be ob- 
tained near electric lights, gas lamps, etc., and one method 




■Pig- 
resorted to is to smear a mixture of sour beer and molasses 
on the trunks of trees, and then go to these with a dark 
lantern, or a light hidden by wrapping a towel around it. 
When the place is reached, the lantern should be unveiled 
and the insects quickly collected. 

After putting your Lepidoptera, (butterflies and moths), 
into the cyanide jar, do not put any beetles in with them, 
as the little feathers from the wings of the butterflies will 
injure your other specimens. As soon as dead, the butter- 
flies and moths should be taken out of the bottle and 
wrapped in little triangles made by taking a square piece 
of paper and folding it along one of its diagonals. The 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 



79 



specimen is placed in the fold, the edges turned, to prevent 
it coming apart, and a number marked on it referring to the 
record. 

The record book should be kept with great care, as on 
it depends the real value of the collector's work. In every 
bottle should be placed a slip, with a number on it referring 
to your record book. 

One of the best ways of preparing the latter, is to rule 
off your pages and fill them out as the following example 
illustrates : 



No. 


Date: 


Locality: 


Remarks: 


1 

2 
3 
4 


July 17 
" 18 
" 20 
" 24 


Electric light, Mayville. 

(( U (( 

Lake near Jonestown. 
Woods near Aleta. 


Geopini, very plentiful. 
A shower of Belostoma. 

Found on carcass of a 
dead horse. 



Now, having collected your specimens, the next step is 
to mount them. 

For pins, get those made by Herman Klseger. No.'s 3 
and 5 will do for all ordinary specimens, but a larger as- 
sortment of sizes is, of course, desirable. 

In mounting beetles, the pin should be thrust through 
the middle of the right elytron, (wing cover), so that it will 
come out on the under side between the second and third 
pair of legs. After this, the limbs and antennae should be 
placed in as natural a position as possible. (See Fig. 69.) 

Now make a gauge out of a little piece of wood with a 
hole in one end about a quarter of an inch deep. This is 
to keep the insect at a uniform distance from the head of 
the pin, which is done by thrusting the head of the pin 



80 EBhJHH 'ART'S OUTLINES OF 

into the hole in the gauge, and then pushing the insect 
up to it. 

On the pin beneath the insect should be placed a little 
piece of card bearing the number referring to your record 
book. In pinning Heniiptera, (bugs, cicadas, etc.), the pin 
should pass through the scutellum, or little triangular piece 
on the back. (See Fig. 70.) 

Small insects, too small to pin, may be glued on the 
narrow end of a small piece of triangular card board, and a 
pin thrust through the wide end of the card. 

Before pinning Lepidoptera, (unless recently collected), 
they should be softened, or rather, the joints should be re- 




/ 

Fig. 70. 



lieved of their stiffness, by a sand-bath. This is done by 
filling a little box half full of wet sand, with a thin paper 
over it. The specimens are laid on the paper, and moist 
air in a few hours renders the joints pliable. The pin is 
run through the middle of the thorax. 

Lepidoptera are dried on a setting board, constructed 
of two smooth, flat pieces of board, a foot or more in length, 
laid side by side, with a narrow groove between them. On 
each end nail a strip, as seen in Fig. 71, and over the groove, 
on the same side that the strips are nailed, tack a strip of 
cork. Your setting board is now complete and your speci- 
men should be placed with the abdomen in the groove, the 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



81 



pin going into the cork. Then carefully take the fore- 
wings and push them forward until the posterior margins 
are in a straight line, that is, are at right angles with the 
body. Push the back-wings up to almost meet the fore 
ones, and then pin a strip of paper over the wings to hold 
them in place (Fig. 71), and leave the specimens for a week 
or more, when the papers may be removed, and the wings 
will retain their position. 




Fig. 71. 

The wings of dragon-flies, and sometimes the right 
wings of grasshoppers, are stretched in the same way. 

To mount larvae, carefully press out the intestines, then 
introduce a blow-pipe, or straw, into the anus and blow up 
the body to its natural size. Let it dry, and it will retain 
this form. Large specimens may be stuffed with cotton. 

If you have collected some specimens which you intend 
to keep in alcohol, pour off that which they were collected 
in, and after washing them in clear water, put them into the 
pure alcohol and they will keep as long as desired. 



82 



EBERHARrS OUTLINES OF 



CHAPTEE X. 

A List of the Insects in this Work, Arranged According 
to the Plants they Infest. 



apple. 

Apple Aphis. 
Apple Curculio. 
Apple-tree Borer. 
Canker Worm. 
Codling Moth. 
Flat- Headed Borer. 
Palmer Worm. 
Peach Curculio. 
Plum Curculio. 
Tent Caterpillars. 

ASPARAGUS. 

Asparagus Beetle. 

CABBAGE. 

Cabbage Butterflies. 
Cabbage Plusia. 
Harlequin Cabbage Bug. 
Tarnished Plant Bug. 

cherry. 

Palmer Worm. 
Peach Curculio. 
Plum Weevil 

CORN. 

Chinch Bug. 

Corn, or Boll Worm. 



. Corn Root- Worm. 
Locusts. 
Stalk-Borer. 
Wire Worms. 

cotton. 

Cotton Boll or Corn Worm. 

CUCUMBER. 

Melon Worm. 

Striped Cucumber Beetle. 

currant. 

Imported Currant Borer. 
Imported Currant Worm. 
Native Currant Saw-Fly. 

GOOSEBERRY. 

Gooseberry Fruit Worm. 
Native Currant Saw-Fly. 

grain. 

Army- Worms. 
Cut- Worms. 
Hessian Fly. 
Locusts. 
Stalk-Borer. 

GRAPE. 

American Procris. 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 



83 



Grapevine Flea-Beetle. 
Grape Phylloxera. 
Green Grapevine Sphinx. 

MAPLE. 

Cottony Maple-Scale. 

MELON. 

Melon Worms. 

Striped Cucumber Beetle. 

ONION. 

Black Onion Fly. 
Imported Onion Fly. 



PEA. 



Pea "Weevil. 



PEACH. 

Peach Curculio. 
Peach-tree Borer. 
Plum Curculio. 

PEAR. 

Peach Curculio. 
Pear Slug. 
Plum Curculio. 

PLUM. 

Grapevine Flea-Beetle. 
Peach-tree Borer. 



Plum Curculio. 
Plum Gouger. 

Polyphemus Moth, or American 
Silk Worm. 

POTATO. 

Potato or Tomato Worm. 
Potato Beetle. 



RADISH. 



Radish Fly. 

' SQUASH. 

Squash Bugs. 

Striped Cucumber Beetle. 

STRAWBERRY. 

Strawberry Root- Worms. 
Strawberry Leaf-Roller. 

TOMATO. 

Tomato Worm. 

GENERAL FEEDERS. 

Army- Worms. 
Cabbage Butterflies. 
Cut- Worms. 
Locusts. 

Tarnished Plant Bug. 
Tent Caterpillars. 



84 EBERHARrS OUTLINES OF 



CHAPTER XI. 

A Key to the Orders of Insects. 

A. Mouth adapted to biting, i.e., having jaws and mandibles. 

a. Front or upper wings horny or leathery; back wings membranous. 

b. Upper wings hard and opaque, forming a covering or shield for 

the under ones, which are folded (first like a fan, and then 

doubled^ under them. 

Coleoptera (Beetles). 

bb. Upper wings somewhat thickened to protect under wings, which 
are folded fanlike, but not doubled. 

Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, etc.). 

oa. All four wings membranous and transparent. 

<■. Wings many -veined; abdomen not provided with a sting, 
nor with an apparatus for depositing eggs (ovipositor). 
Nevroptera (.Dragon-flies, etc.). 

cc. Wings few-veined : abdomen usually provided with a sting, 

or with an ovipositor. 

Htmenoptera (Bees, etc.). 

A A. Mouth fitted for sucking. 

d. Wing? four in number. 

e. Wings having feathery scales. 

Lepidoptera (Butterflies, etc.). 

ee. Wings not scaled. 

Hemiptera (Bugs, Plant-lice, etc.). 

dd. Two membranous wings. 

Diptera (Flies, etc.). 

The spring-tails and bristle-tails, small wingless insects, are often classed M 
an order by themselves, called Thtsanoptera. 



THE MURRAY 

Sefyool of Epto/r^olcx^y 

In affiliation with the Chicago College of Science. 



The only Entomological School in the World. 



Course of Study. — Structure and classification of Insects; 
Comparative Anatomy; Injurious and Beneficial In- 
sects; Sensibility and Intelligence of Insects; Collect- 
ing and Mounting Specimens, etc. 

Degree and Diploma. — Persons satisfactorily completing 
the course, will receive from the Chicago College of 
Science, a Diploma and the Degree of Bachelor of 
Entomology. (Ent. B.) 

Fees. — The tuition fees, including diploma, are $10 for 
the course, payable in advance. 



FOR ALL INFORMATION ADDRESS 



NOBLE M. EBERMSRT, C hancellor . 

308 to 316 Dearborn Street, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 

This Course may be taken by mail. 



ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS 



By Noble M. Eberhart, Ph. D, 



OUTLINES OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. — A text book for 

Schools and Colleges, and a reference book for Farmers 
and Gardeners. Brief practical articles on the principal 
injurious insects, with the latest methods for their 
destruction. With 71 engravings on wood, made ex- 
pressly for this work. 12 mo, cloth, 75 cts. 

EBERHART'S KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF INSECTS. — Simple, 

concise and practical. The only Key published. 
Illustrated. 12 mo, paper, 25 cts. 

Some Curious Insects. — Suited to the general reader. 
16 mo., cloth, Illustrated, 35 cts. 

How to Collect and Mount Insects. — Full directions. 
Illustrated. 16 mo, paper, 10 cts. 

Eberhart's Comparative Entomology. — Brief compara- 
tive descriptions of the various insect families, give num- 
ber of joints each in tarsi, and in labial and maxillary 
palpi; style of antennae and wings; abdomen with 
appendages; peculiarities, etc. (In preparation.) 

Eberhart's Entomological works. — A complete glos- 
sary of the technical words and phrases used in 
Entomological writings. Fully illustrated. ( In prep- 
aration; ready soon.) 

A. FLANAGAN, Publisher, 

185 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO, ILL. 



Chicago College of Science. 

(incorporated.) 

A NEW SCHOOL ON A NEW PLAN. 

RESIDENT AND NON-RESIDENT COURSES. 



Jl?e OQly Institution '19 tl?<? U/orld tyai/in? separate 

courses in qafy individual sqieij^ l<?adin? 

to an appropriate de§r<?<?. 



The General Science Course leading to the degree 
of B. S., is wholly elective. 



IF YOU CONTEMPLATE ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC WORK, YOU 
WILL DO WELL TO CORRESPOND WITH US. 



ANY OF OUR COURSES MAY BE TAKEN BY MAIL. 

SUMMER SESSIONS ARE HELD. 



For full information, address 

NOBLE M. EBERHART, Ph. D., Pres., 

308-316 Dearborn Street, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 



• • I NDEX • • 
A 

PAGK. 

Acrididffi 72 

Aegeria exitiosa 16 

Aegeria tipuliformis 35 

Agriotes 44 

Agrotis 12 

American procris 34 

American silkworm 31 

AnaBatristis 61 

Anisoptery X vernata 18 

Anthomyia ceparum 40 

Anthomyia radicum - 40 

Anthonomus quadrigibbus 47 

Aphis mali 62 

Apple aphis 62 

Apple curculio...„ 47 

Apple tree borer, flat-headed 45 

Apple tree borer, round-headed 44 

Army worm 14 

Arthropoda 5 

Asparagus beetle 51 

B 

Bark-louse, maple 60 

Black onion fly 39 

Blissus lewcopterus 55 

Boll worm - 13 

Bruchus pisi 49 

c 

Cabbage bug, harlequin 57 

Cabbage butterfly, European 23 

Cabbage butterfly, southern 25 

Cabbage plusia - 26 

Caloptenus femur-rubrum 72 

Caloptenus spretus 73 

Canker worm 18 

Carpocapsa pomonella 21 

Cecidomyia destructor 37 

Chinch bug 55 

Chitine 5 

Chrysobothris femorata 45 



90 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Circulation 6 

Clisiocanipa Americana s 20 

Clisiocampa sylvatica 19 

Coccotorus scutellaris 47 

Codling moth 21 

Colaspis 43 

Coleoptera 42 — 84 

Colorado beetle 48 

Common tent caterpillar 20 

Conotrachelus nenuphar 46 

Corn root-worm 42 

Corn worm ,. _ 13 

Corymbites , 44 

Cotton boll-worm „ _ 13 

Cottony maple-scale, or bark-louse 60 

Crioceris asparagi - 51 

Cucumber beetle 52 

Currant borer, imported 35 

Currant Sawfly, native 10 

Currant worm, imported 9 

Cut-worms 12 

D 

Dakruma-convolutella 36 

Darapsa myron ., 31 

Diabrotica. longicornis 42 

Diabrotica vittata 52 

Diptera 37—84 

Loryphora 10-lineata 48 

E 

Elateridse 44 

Elytra 42 

Emulsions, kerosene 75 

European cabbage buterfly 23 

F 

Fall army worm 16 

Flat-headed apple-tree borer 45 

Flea-beetle, grape-vine « 53 

Forest tent-caterpillar 19 

G 

Gallioola 64 

Gooseberry fruit-worm 36 

Gortyna nitela 17 

Green grape-vine sphinx 81 

Grape phylloxera 64 

Graptodera chalybea 53 



INDEX. 91 

PAGE. 

Grape-vine fiea beetle C& 

Grape-vine sphinx 31 

H 

Hadena 12 

Harlequin cabbage bug 57 

Heliophila unipuncta 14 

Heliothis armigera 13 

Hemiptera 55—84 

Hessian fly 37 

Hymenoptera 8—84 

I 

Imported Currant borer 35 

Imported currant worm 9 

Imported onion-fly 40 

Ithycerus noveboracensis 48 

K 

Kerosene emulsions 75 

Key to orders of insects ^ 84 

L 

Lepidoptera 12 — 84 

Leucania unipuncta 14 

Locusts 72 

M 

Macrosila quinque-maculata 21 

Maple-scale, or bark-louse 60 

Melanotus 44 

Melon worm 28 

Murgantia bistrionica 57 

Muscular system 5 

N 

Native currant sawfly 10 

Ntmatus ventricosus 9 

Neuroptera 84 

New York weevil 48 

Noctuidse 12 

o 

Onion-fly, black 39 

Onion fly, imported 40 

Orders of Insects, key to 84 

Ortalisflexa 39 

Orthoptera 72,84 

P 

Palmer worm 29 



92 INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Paria 43 

Peach curculio 48 

Peach tree borer \q 

Pea weevil 49 

Pear slug 8 

Pezotettix femur-rubruru 72 

Pezotettix spretus 73 

Phacellura hyalinatilis 28 

Phoxopteris comptana ... 19 

Pieris protodice 25 

Pieris rapae 23 

Plant-bug, tarnished 58 

Plum curculio 46 

Plum gouger 47 

Plum weevil 46 

Plusia brassicas m 26 

Polyphemus moth 31 

Potato beetle 48 

Potato worm 21 

Pristiphora gro9sulariae 10 

Procris Americana 34 

p 

Radiciola.. 67 

Radish fly 40 

Red-legged locust 7.^ 

Respiration 6 

Rocky Mountain 1 -cust 73 

Root-worm, corn 40 

Root-worms, strawberry 43 

s 

Sannina exitiosa 16 

Saperda Candida 44 

Scelodonta 43 

Secretory organs _ 6 

Selandria cerasi """"*" 8 

Southern cabbage butterfly ~~ 25 

Squash-bug 61 

Stalk-borer J " 17 

Strachia histrionica ~ 57 

Strawberry leaf -roller :.... 19 

Strawberry root-worms "_""_ 43 

Striped cucumber beetle [ 52 

T 

Tarnished plant-bug 58 

Telea polyphemus 1"~." 31 

Tent caterpillars """.l".""!"."..^ 19 

Thysanoptera ....[ '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 84 

Tomato worm Y. ..'.'.'.'.".'.".'.".'.'.'.".' I'.". 21 

Y 

Ypsolophus pometellus „ 29 



LJBRARY OF CONGRESS 



